Translating T cell Responses into Objective Immune Insights

Investigating T Cell Dysfunction in Post-Acute Infection Syndromes (PAIS)

Persistent immune dysregulation, including altered T cell phenotypes and antigen-specific responses, has been reported in patients with Long COVID and is being investigated as a potential contributor to other PAIS. During an acute infection, antigen-presenting cells engulf and process pathogen-derived antigens to activate T cells, initiating a robust cellular immune response. Activated effector T cells then proliferate rapidly and release cytokines that coordinate cellular immune responses.

When a pathogen evades clearance or leaves persistent antigenic triggers, the immune system remains locked in a state of continuous activation. Prolonged exposure to these antigens can drive T cells into a progressive state of cellular exhaustion. Exhausted T cells lose their capacity to proliferate, secrete vital cytokines, or mount effective targeted immune responses. Such immune‑dysregulation mechanisms are being investigated as potential contributors to the complex clinical presentation of PAIS.

In some individuals, prolonged immune activation or persistent antigenic stimulation may be associated with altered T cell function or exhaustion-like phenotypes. ViraxImmune™ is being developed to characterise these antigen-specific cellular response patterns and provide objective insights into cellular immune function.